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Once you create users in the database, you need to control their access to the various data objects. To take a simple example, a clerk in the human resources department of an organization may be able to see the salary data of employees, but he or she should not have the authority to change salaries. Oracle uses several means to control data access, and the most elementary way to do so is by assigning database privileges and roles to database users.

A privilege is the right to execute a particular type of SQL statement or to access a database object owned by another user. In an Oracle database, you must explicitly grant a user privileges to perform any activity, including connecting to a database or selecting, modifying, and updating data in a table other than their own. There are two basic types of Oracle privileges: system privileges and object privileges. You use the GRANT statement to grant specific system privileges as well as object privileges to users. The following sections cover these two types of Oracle privileges in detail.

You can manage your users through Database Control by going to Database Control Home Page Administration Users (under the Users and Privileges Section).

' class Router Public Class Router Inherits System.ComponentModel.Component Public Sub SubmitForAssembly(ByVal theWorkOrder As WorkOrder) MessageQueueVehiclesToAssemble.Send(theWorkOrder) End Sub

You grant a system privilege to a user so the user can perform either a particular action within the database or an action on any schema object of a particular type. A good example of the first type of system privilege is the privilege that lets you connect to a database, called the CONNECT privilege. Other such system privileges include the CREATE TABLESPACE, CREATE USER, DROP USER, and ALTER USER privileges. The second class of system privileges grants users the right to perform operations that affect objects in any schema. Examples of this type of system privilege include ANALYZE ANY TABLE, GRANT ANY PRIVILEGE, INSERT ANY TABLE, GRANT ANY PRIVILEGE, INSERT ANY

TABLE, DELETE ANY TABLE, and so on. As you can see, system privileges are very powerful, and granting them to the wrong user could have a devastating impact on your database. Here are some common system privileges in an Oracle database: ADVISOR ALTER DATABASE ALTER SYSTEM AUDIT SYSTEM CREATE DATABASE LINK CREATE TABLE CREATE ANY INDEX CREATE SESSION CREATE TABLESPACE CREATE USER DROP USER INSERT ANY TABLE

You use the GRANT statement to grant system privileges to users. When you grant a system privilege to a user, the user can immediately use that privilege. Thus, privileges work in a dynamic fashion.

Public Function GetVehicleAssemblyMessages() As System.Messaging.Message() Return MessageQueueVehiclesToAssemble.GetAllMessages() End Function Public Sub New(ByVal Container As System.ComponentModel.IContainer) MyClass.New() 'Required for Windows.Forms Class Composition Designer support Container.Add(Me) ' start waiting for the first incoming message MessageQueueOrders.BeginReceive() End Sub Public Sub New() MyBase.New() 'This call is required by the Component Designer. InitializeComponent() ' start waiting for the first incoming message MessageQueueOrders.BeginReceive() End Sub Private Sub InitializeComponent() Me.MessageQueueOrders = New System.Messaging.MessageQueue Me.MessageQueueVehiclesToAssemble = New System.Messaging.MessageQueue ' 'MessageQueueOrders ' Me.MessageQueueOrders.Path = "alessandra\Private$\AsapOrders" ' 'MessageQueueVehiclesToAssemble ' Me.MessageQueueVehiclesToAssemble.Path = _ "alessandra\Private$\AsapVehiclesToAssemble" End Sub #End Region Private Sub MessageQueueOrders_ReceiveCompleted( _ ByVal sender As Object, _ ByVal e As System.Messaging.ReceiveCompletedEventArgs) _ Handles MessageQueueOrders.ReceiveCompleted Dim formatter As New System.Messaging.XmlMessageFormatter( _ New Type() {GetType(WorkOrder)}) Dim msg As System.Messaging.Message = _ MessageQueueOrders.EndReceive(e.AsyncResult) msg.Formatter = formatter

You can use either Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control or SQL statements to GRANT and REVOKE system privileges.

For example, to grant the CREATE SESSION system privilege to the sample user, hr, allowing hr to log onto an Oracle database, issue the following statement: SQL> GRANT CREATE SESSION TO hr; Grant succeeded. SQL> The CREATE SESSION privilege enables a user to log onto an Oracle database.

Dim wo As WorkOrder = DirectCast(msg.Body, WorkOrder) ' start waiting for the next message MessageQueueOrders.BeginReceive() FireMessage(wo) End Sub Public Event OnMessage(ByVal theWorkOrder As WorkOrder) Private Sub FireMessage(ByVal theWorkOrder As WorkOrder) RaiseEvent OnMessage(theWorkOrder) End Sub End Class

Tip You can grant all system privileges to a user (except the SELECT ANY DICTIONARY privilege), by specifying ALL PRIVILEGES in the GRANT statement, as shown here: