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Traditionally, security policies were applied to entire applications. Users were given roles or privileges, based on which they could access the tables in the application. This always left open the possibility of users using tools such as SQL*Plus to go around the application s security protocols and modify data in the database tables. Furthermore, application-level security enforcement meant you had to manage a grant/revoke policy for each user in the system for access to all the tables in the database. There are situations where you might want to limit access to an application s data to certain segments of users. Of course, you could create views to such a thing, but managing views poses several problems, such as maintenance and auditing usage. Fine-grained access control enables you to restrict Oracle users so that they can only use the data you want them to access and modify. FGAC is facilitated through the use of policy functions, which you attach to the tables or views you want to secure. It uses dynamically modifiable statements to restrict or limit users to certain portions of a table, view, or synonym. When a user s SQL statements are parsed, FGAC makes Oracle automatically evaluate the policy functions (you can attach more than one policy to a table). Oracle will execute the user s query after dynamically modifying the query if necessary.

// class PricedItem [Serializable] public class PricedItem { string name; public string Name { get {return name;} set {name = value;} } decimal cost; public decimal Cost { get {return cost;} set {cost = value;} } public override string ToString() { return name; } // public default constructor is required in serializable classes public PricedItem() { } public PricedItem(string theName, decimal theCost) { name = theName; cost = theCost; } } // class WorkOrder [Serializable] public class WorkOrder { string model; public string Model { get {return model;} set {model = value;} }

FGAC enables you to implement fine-grained data security. You can enforce a row-level security policy using this feature.

FGAC involves the following steps: 1. You create a policy function that will dynamically add a predicate to a user s DML statement. A predicate is the WHERE clause based on an operator (=, !=, IS, IS NOT, >, >=, EXIST, BETWEEN, IN, NOT IN, and so on). Here s an example of such a function: cust_no = (SELECT custno FROM orders WHERE custname = SYS_CONTEXT ('USERENV','SESSION_USER')) The package that implements your security policy will dynamically append a predicate to all SELECT statements on the ORDERS table, returning only those orders that pertain to the user s customer number (cust_no). 2. A user enters a statement such as the following: SELECT * FROM orders; 3. Oracle will use the policy function you created to dynamically modify the user s statement. For example, the statement in step 2 would be modified by the policy function in step 1 as follows: SELECT * FROM orders WHERE custno = ( SELECT custno FROM customers WHERE custname = SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV', 'SESSION_USER')) 4. Oracle uses the username returned by SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV', 'SESSION_USER') and executes the modified original query, thus limiting the data returned from the ORDERS table to that customer s data only.

In addition to the data dictionary, Oracle maintains an important set of dynamic performance tables. These tables maintain information about the current instance, and Oracle continuously updates these tables. The set of virtual dynamic tables is referred to as the X$ tables. Oracle doesn t allow you to access the X$ tables directly; rather, Oracle creates views on all these tables and then creates synonyms for these views. You ll be accessing these views, called the V$ views, to get information about various aspects of a running instance. The V$ views are the foundation of all Oracle database performance tuning. If you wish to master the Oracle database, you must master the V$ dynamic views, because they are the wellspring of so much knowledge about the Oracle instance. The dynamic performance views, like the data dictionary views, are based on read-only tables that only Oracle can update. Some of the tables capture sessionwide information, and some of them capture systemwide information. You ll find the dynamic views extremely useful in session management, backup operations, and, most important, performance tuning. Remember, though, that the dynamic performance tables are only populated for the duration of the instance and are cleaned out when you shut down the instance.